In XVII century the territory of present Rossosh district was outside Russian state. During two centuries the Moscow government sent of patrols in Don steppe for the supervision over Tatars. Remaining here long, the russian servicemen combined a caretaking service with a profitable crafts: fished, hunted on a fur animal, extracted a honey and a wax of wild bees. The places where they regularly left on a craft, have received the name "goings". At the end of XVII century the nearest "goings" to the border were given to servicemen instead by a tzar as salaries, and distant "goings" were on a quitrent.
In 1615 in the Patrol book of the Voronezh district 17 ancestral lands was entered in the Patrol book of the Voronezh district and was called under names of the rivers along which they settled down. From 17 "goings" Kalitwa s "going" was the most expensive, that indirectly specifies its natural riches.
In 1672 cossacks of Ostrogozhsk regiment have received from the tzar Alexey Mihajlovich the document on possession of the grounds on the river Black Kalitwa. In 1696, after a capture army and Peter's I fleet of a fortress of Azovs, cossacks resettlements had an opportunity. The resettlement began October, 21, 1702.
The first mention of large village Rossosh meets in the sheet of churches for 1721 in which it is written down, that in a large village operates the church of the Erecting a Cross.
The first city regional specialist archpriest Ilya Andreevich Sokolov, written the annals till 1895, explained an origin of the name of a large village so: " the Rivers Rossosh' and Black Kalitwa, having current, the first - from the north, the second - from the west, form a corner. In this corner the first setters began to settle more than two hundred years ago . By an disposition of huts on coast of both rivers having the form of a corner or so-called " rossoha " by russian, the large village has received name Rossosh". Construction of large village Rossosh in the south of the Voronezh province had strategic, political, colonizer value.
In these places conditions have started to be created for origin of the serfdom during settling edge. Peter I has gave to colonel of Ostrogozhsk's regiment I.I.Tevjashov " for merits " a huge estate with the territories around Rossosh . In the beginning of XIX century Ðîññîøü was main residence Tchertkoff- the landowners ranking with the largest land owners of Russia. Later large landownance at Rossosh was a manor of brothers Plotitsyn s, which they saled from general - aide-de-camp M.I.Tchertkoff. In conditions of capitalism and commodity-money attitudes unlimited expenditure of money have resulted to frustration of the manor. For debts it all over again has carried over bank, and then was bought by landowners O.A.Ovsjannikova and A.A.D'jachkova.
In 1889, according to Encyclopaedic dictionary Áðîêãàóçà and Ýôðîíà, in Rossosh' lived almost 11 thousand person, it was totaled 3,5 thousand houses. The first schools have appeared up to a cancellation of the serfdom: in 1862 of them was four, in 1871 there was openly two-class ministerial school. In city of Rossosh' function brick and distillaries, some mills and smithies. In middle of XIX century Rossosh was rather large fair centre. From 345 fairs going in the Voronezh province in 1857,Rossosh' fairs on trade turnoverst took first place.
Trading value of Rossosh has even more increased, when in 1871 the railway of Voronezh - Rostov was constructed. At the end of November, 1871 on new road the first train has passed , on 214 km from Voronezh it has stopped off at station Mihajlovka,later renamed in Ewstratovka (so station Rossosh' in the beginning referred to).
In 1900 the state wine warehouse was constructed on which flood of vodka was made . Construction of shops, factories, mills has resulted in occurrence in Rossosh the new handicraft enterprises for manufacture of a brick and furnaces of iron-works. January, 4, 1923 the goverment of RSFSR by the special decision has defined new administrative borders of districts of the Voronezh province. The Rossosh s district was formed. Rossosh it was transformed from a large village into city and the district centre. In this connection, the House of Councils, the House of Cooperation, post office,elevator, power station by capacity of 400 watt, hospital, hotel, factory school, school of country youth, school of the agriculture, medical school, technical school, institute of the poultryfarming were constructed.
In 1936 in city of Rossosh' were placed institute of the poultryfarming and work-faculty at it, poultryfarm technical school,the pedagogical school, the medical school, eleven comprehensive schools,work-faculty, seven kindergartens. In establishments of national education 182 teachers worked, 3083 persons was trained.
Since 1935 in city of Rossosh' the regional newspaper " the Dawn of the Commune " was issued. In 1937 in vicinities of city the main point of the gardening a scientific research institute of a name of I.V.Michurina was open.